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- Minaret
- -------
-
- This program computes Islamic prayer schedules, the direction of
- the Qibla, and various data related to the Hijri calendar.
-
- You may freely give copies of this program to others. Since the
- program contains an editable data base, please save a backup
- copy, and use only a working copy to do your computations. Please
- give only unmodified copies to others, and include this
- documentation with the program.
-
- If you decide to keep the program for yourself, please send $10 to:
-
- Kamal Abdali
- 2800 NW Eastway Court
- Beaverton, Oregon 97006
- USA.
-
- Please send your suggestions and bug reports to me at the above
- address.
-
- The Place menu
- --------------
-
- This is the first menu you should look at. Minaret contains a
- built-in gazetteer with geographical information about 170 cities
- initially. At any time, one of these is the "Current Location"
- for which all computations are done. To specify any location as
- the Current Location, click on the "Select location" item in the
- "Place" menu. A large window will appear in which the list at
- left is the gazetteer. As you scroll through this list and click
- on various location names, the stored data about them appears in
- the boxes at right. If your desired location is in the gazetteer,
- select it, then press "Make it Current Location". All subsequent
- computations will be done for that city, even when you exit and
- relaunch Minaret.
-
- You can edit the gazetteer to add and delete locations, and to
- modify information about existing locations. By editing the boxes
- and setting radio buttons at right, you can supply the geographical
- data about the cities you wish to add. You will need to know the
- latitude, longitude, zone time relative to Greenwich, and whether
- or not the place observes Daylight Savings Time. After filling in
- the information for each city, press "Update/add this location".
- To delete a location, select it in the gazetteer, then press "Remove
- this location". Only 200 cities are allowed in the gazetteer.
- So you may need to delete some locations to make room for others.
- You can find out how many cities are already in the gazetteer by
- selecting the "Gazetteer size" item.
-
- Note: Editing the gazetteer doesn't change the current location.
- If you want to do computations for a city not in the gazetteer,
- first edit the gazetteer to add that city, then make the city the
- Current Location.
-
- The Prayer Hours menu
- ---------------------
-
- Select "Prayer hours for today" or "Prayer hours for another day"
- to get the five prayer hours plus the time of sunrise. (Be sure
- to first set your location using the "Place" menu.)
-
- Select "Prayer hours for a month" or "Prayer hours for a year" to
- display a table of prayer hours in a text window. You can print
- the contents of the text window in front by "Print" in the "File"
- menu. By using the "Save" or "Save as" item in the "File" menu,
- you can save the contents of the text window in front into a file,
- for possible reformatting with a word processor. If you use MacWrite
- only for printing this file , then set the font to Monaco (or some
- other monospaced font) before opening the file. This will keep
- the tabular columns neatly aligned.
-
- Since prayer hours depend upon the sun's position, it is more
- practical to tabulate the Islamic prayer schedule according to
- the dates in the Western, solar calendar. For a fixed location,
- prayer times for any particular date in the Western calendar vary
- very little from year to year, and for all practical purposes
- repeat themseleves in four year cycles. (Find this out for
- yourself by computing prayer hours for the same dates in different
- years.) If you want to print annual prayer schedules, I strongly
- recommend using zero for the year. This doesn't mean the year zero
- B.C. or A.D., but is a special value to cause Minaret to print a
- "perpetual" calendar in which the times are essentially the average
- for the four years of a cycle. It is silly to print a new calendar
- every year, since the yearly variation is seldom more than two minutes.
-
- If, according to the gazetteer, the Current Location observes
- Daylight Saving Time, then Minaret adds one hour to all times
- computed for the dates between the first Sunday of April and the
- last Saturday of October (inclusive). If the year is zero (that
- is, if a perpetual schedulae is desired), then the adjustment is
- made throughout from April to October.
-
- Islamic prayer times are computed from their well-known astronomical
- definitions. (See, for example, the appendices A and B in "Prayer
- Schedules for North America", American Trust Publications,
- Indianapolis, Indiana, 1978.) Under certain conditions (for
- example, on certain summer dates at very high latitudes), the
- traditional astronomical definitions do not work, and the equations
- defining prayer times do not have solutions. Minaret prints "??"
- when it cannot compute a prayer time. (See also the description
- of "Method" menu below.)
-
- The Qibla menu
- --------------
-
- Select "Angle from North" to find the direction of the Qibla.
- (Be sure to first set your location using the "Place" menu.)
- The angle is given from the geographical, not magnetic, North.
- Since it is not always easy to accurately either determine North
- or measure angles, the "shadow method" described below is generally
- a better way to determine the Qibla.
-
- The "Shadow diagram for a day" lets you determine the Qibla by
- observing shadows, without having to know the North direction.
- You get a diagram which shows the directions in which the shadow
- of a vertical object points at certain times of the day. One of
- the lines in the diagram is marked with a Q. This is the direction
- of the Qibla. The times have been so computed that the angle between
- the Qibla and the shadow is a multiple of 45 degrees, quite easy
- to measure. (If there is a time on the line marked Q, then the
- Qibla is exactly in the same direction as the shadow at that time,
- and you don't have to measure any angle.) Experiment with this
- menu using different dates to see the relation between the Qibla
- and the shadow. Summer dates give you more opportunities to determine
- the Qibla using the shadow method.
-
- Select "Shadow chart for a month" or "Shadow chart for a year"
- to display tables of the shadow information in a text window.
- See remarks under "the Prayer menu" for printing and saving the
- contents of the window.
-
- The Calendar menu
- -----------------
-
- Select "Date conversion" to convert Hijri dates into Western
- ones, and vice versa. The conversion is approximate, based
- on the assumption that on the average the lunar cresecent
- becomes visible 24 hours after the astronomical new moon phase.
-
- Select "New moon phase" to get the time of the astronomical
- new moon phase just preceding the start of any Hijri month.
- Minaret computes the time of this phenomenon with an accuracy of
- about three minutes, and gives it to you both as the Greenwich Mean
- Time and as the Zone time for the Current Location. Remember
- that the moon is invisible at the astronomical new moon phase,
- and the formation of the visible lunar crescent takes anywhere from
- about 18 to about 42 hours.
-
- Select "Moon's age" to determine the age of moon at any desired
- time. To guess whether the lunar crescent will be visible on a
- certain evening, you can find the time of sunset on that date by
- selecting "Prayer schedule for another day" in the "Prayer hours"
- menu, then find the moon's age at that time by selecting "Moon's
- age" in the "Calendar" menu. If the age turns out to be less
- than 18 hours, then it is quite unlikely that the crescent will
- be visible that evening.
-
- The Method menu
- ---------------
-
- There are some variations in the methods people use to compute
- certain prayer times. This menu lets you select the methods
- according to your preference.
-
- The "shadow ratio" for a vertical object at any time is defined
- to be the quantity:
-
- (the length of shadow at the given time - the "residual" shadow of
- the object at noon) / (the object height).
-
- The shadow ratio at 'asr time is taken to be 2 by the Hanafi school,
- 1 by others.
-
- For fajr and isha, the time is usually determined by the Sun's
- angle of depression below the horizon. If this value is taken to be
- 18 degrees, then fajr coincides with the astronomical twilight. This
- seems OK for temperate latitudes. But at higher latitudes, say above
- 42 degrees, the resulting times for fajr and isha are too inconvenient
- (fajr too early, and isha too late). ISNA schedules are computed by
- taking this value as 15 degrees.
-
- At latitudes higher than 50, such as for cities in Northern Europe,
- the sun sometimes doesn't descend sufficiently below the horizon to
- make the determination of fajr and isha possible by taking the value
- of the sun's depression to be 18 (or evne 15) degrees). So people
- in some of those cities compute the fajr and isha times to be at 90
- minutes from sunrise/sunset. For latitudes above 66 1/2, of course,
- even sunrise and sunset are not always defined.
-
- The File Menu
- -------------
-
- Use this menu to open, save, and print the monthly or yearly prayer
- schedules and qibla charts computed by Minaret. When text files are
- printed using "Print" in this menu, the RETURN (ascii 13) and FORMFEED
- (ascii 12) characters will cause line skip and page eject, respectively.
- The "File" menu is intended only for use with the text files generated
- by Minaret. In particular, it will not work on non-text files or large
- text files (more than 32K characters).
-
-